Wasatiyyah as Religious Moderation in Islam: A Textual-Comparative Analysis of Qur’anic, Prophetic, Classical, and Contemporary Sources

Abstract

This study examines the concept of wasatiyyah as a framework of religious moderation in Islam by integrating its foundations in the Qur’an, Prophetic traditions, classical exegesis, theological-ethical thought, and contemporary interpretations. The study is motivated by the need to present a comprehensive understanding of wasatiyyah that moves beyond normative description and demonstrates its relevance to contemporary socio-religious challenges. Using a qualitative library-based approach, this study employs textual, thematic, and comparative analysis of primary sources, including Qur’anic verses, particularly al-Baqarah 2:143, and relevant hadiths, as well as secondary sources, including classical tafsir works, theological writings of al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah, and contemporary perspectives represented by Yusuf al-Qaradawi. The findings show that wasatiyyah is a foundational Islamic principle characterized by justice, balance, mercy, and wisdom, not a mere compromise between extremes. Classical scholars interpret it as a moral and communal responsibility rooted in justice and excellence, while theological thinkers emphasize its role in harmonizing reason, revelation, and ethical conduct. Contemporary interpretations further expand its application to education, social interaction, and interreligious coexistence. The discussion highlights that wasatiyyah functions as a multidimensional paradigm that protects religious life from extremism and negligence while promoting ethical balance and social harmony. In conclusion, wasatiyyah represents an active and principled form of moderation that integrates theological commitment, ethical discipline, and social responsibility. It offers a relevant framework for Islamic education and plural societies, enabling Muslims to maintain religious integrity while engaging constructively with diverse social contexts.